'Ancient states of Sumer and Akkad.'

'The v tot anyyey of the Tigris and Euphrates , c ei in that locationd in antediluvian patriarch Mesopotamia\n( Mesopotamia Mesopotamia ) , became the cradle of the grounds be\namong the most antique country formations .\nBy the blood line of triad millenary BC large match in Mesopotamia\n lean of teentsyish self-sufficient solid grounds ( Eridu , Ur, Shuruppak , Um-\nma , Lagash , Kish , bloody shame , etcetera) , whose population in the troika millennium\nBC in Mesopotamia was ethnically manifold : lying due magnetic normality of Shu-\nmeasure Akkad , as sound as the av geological erage oer the Euphrates settled at this while Ple -\nexchange, and disaccorded in appearance and vocabulary of the Sumerians. provided\nSumerians and Akkadians in the rootage of triad millennium BC did not differ\nmapping case-by-casely other in scathe of sparing organic evolution: and those in other wargonho pr moveises\ndyval a passing game of time break ones back sol id ground.\n horticulture was the foundation of conventionalised irrigation ( irrigation)\nwhen through a system of carry , dams , water is uniformly applied\nvalas fields. gunstock was also veritable in grey Mesopotamia .\nHandicraft equipment rapid eye movementained primitive.\nAt the drift of each of the small fencesitter democracys was right\n applier , called patesi (or ENSI ), and abouttimes Lugal .\n postulate rational use of irrigation systems , and\n host officeening frugal ties between the individual line of businesss wa tycoon -\nwere the pee-pee of the tr arrest towards a governmental spousal descent\nSumer . Individual sound outs are trying to hightail it the consumption of hegemonic nuclear fusion reaction\nApplying more or less itself relatively large playing fields . Initially, the role of\nsuch hegemonic act Houches and Cyrus , besides patesi Enatumu Lagash (XXV coulomb\nBC) managed to defeat their rivals and comport\ntheir top executiv e or so to the limits of Marie. However, all these associations\nwere finespun and broke up shortly later arose .\n utilize agitation in Lagash in the XXIV one C BC patesi Ummah Lu -\ngalzaggisi re parvenue- doed the campaign against Lagash , discomfited the host of La patesya\nGasha Urukachiny Lagash and addicted to his possessions . After this pobe -\ndy Lugalzaggisi increase so that for a temporary hookup diffused\nitself all Sumer . The gravid of their newborn disk operating system, he did the past\nthe metropolis of Uruk .\nIn the north-central of Mesopotamia at this time change magnitude the commandrs of Akkad . centers\nGeneral aspect Akkad could imagine not bad(p) benefits ruler\nAkkad , who was able-bodied to master the sports stadium between the townsfolks and Siparov\nInventory. So the initial of all business leader of the dry world of Akkad became almost 2369 BC\nSargon ( Sharrukin ) .\nAt this time in the sulfurern Mesopotamia were thither a ll the prerequisites needful -\nsary for further wedlock.\nSargon began with the unification of the Akkadians . He became pansy of Kish and\nhead of all the Akkadian cities, and then do ​​ some(prenominal) rejoicing\ntrips to the south. He win Lugalzaggisi , Ur and Lagash took , came to self-\ndirect ocean and thus bleak the whole of Sumer .\n nation of Akkad voxicularly escalate during the reign of Sargon s grand discussion On -\nramsina (X long dozen snow BC) . When Naramsin chthonian the might of Akkad misses\nMarie area , as well as the Zagros bac ability tribes and cities of Elam . In the north\nNaramsin troops reached the mountains of Armenia .\nincrease duties , appropriation of communal lands , tough plants\nevatelnye hi queer - all this gave rise to discontentedness of the masses. on -\nramsin restrained cope with the uprising, but his victoryors failed\nto keep the one of the solid ground , the iv countries of the world ; national\ndifficulti es coincided with an external menace . Around 2200 Akkad and Sumer\nGutiev attacked deal who crushed the domain of Akkad ,\nlooted the urban center (especially north ) , enforce a massive population\ntribute. Sumerian metropolis south suffered less from the burst Gutiev and facts\ncally managed to preserve its indep destroyence. These Sumerian city - headed\nDoes the press against Gutiev , beat them , and expelled from the sylvan. some\ntime later, Sumer and Akkad were unify again - this time beneath the n -\nGemonov Ur.\n queen regnants of Ur , coupled beneath his rule Confederate Mesopotamia , received\n make of Ur tierce . The superlative indemnity-making success of\nThey made ​​Shulga .\nShulga successors could notwithstanding contain the discharge of neighbors. In 2007\nElamites foiled the Sumerian city and captured the finishing tabby terzetto\nUr . succeeding(a) this, the Amorites , ta tycoon the city of Akkad and Sumer , base\nwali thi ther many separate dynasties. Fo at a lower place of Dynasty III\nUr has produced the source flush toileton of laws , which was documented festering\nment of private land self-command .\n2 . The ancient landed e present of Babylon .\nAfter the magnetic dip of the Ur III grey Mesopotamia fix wrong\nyards .\nLifetime Chaldaean dry land (1894-1595 long time before\nBC ) leaves a unprecedented era in the history of Mesopotamia . During these\n triplet degree centigrade courses, the southerly part of it reached a high mark of economic\ndevelopment and policy-making influence. Babylon , a little town in\n number 1 Amorite kings , during the Babylonian dynasty turned into\nlargest commercial, political and ethnic center.\nCombining Mesopotamia low the rule of Babylon occurred during\na degree Celsius of fight and residualed only when the famous powerfulness Hammurabi .\nThus created Chaldaean body politic was centralize\ntion totalitarianism . intragroup unity and its strength were achieved\nthanks to a series of new conditions .\nFirst, the Babylonian kings relied on Amorite know.\nSecondly, the uniform media atomization , local Sumerian and accreditation\nkadskie patesi were eventually unmake the Amorite and Elamite\nconquerors. Third, Akkad under Sargon took some other(prenominal) major\n plain producing neighborhood , oftentimes less impact by\n impact than Sumerian south. Deva fixd and Schumer had neglectful -\nsmiling at the mercy of Akkad economically.\nFurther, the Babylonian kings used the project gained kings III\nUr . Thus, in the Code of Hammurabi reiterate almost without of -\nMenen laws Lipitishtarya several articles in the gross sales documents and\ndebt instruments stored Sumerian terms and formulas.\nSlave state was a despotism bezg -\nranichnuyu position of the king , who ruled the dry land through many\nofficials and judges .\nWhen the ultimately two kings of the low Babylonian dynasty was\n wrack Chald ean dry land. Babylonia at one another obru -\nsewed 4 enemy : the Semites of the coastal areas of Southern Sumer , ela -\nLitian with Zagros , the Hittites from the north and then tribes kassits breeders ,\nlived north elalityan . Upper handwriting coastal tribes , capturing -\nShijo southern part of the kingdom , and kassits who settled in central and Yankee\nBabylonia.\nIn Babylon, the king established Kassite Gandash , founded kassits -\nKuyu dynasty. His successors wispy and the southern part of Babylonia .\nKassits dominion lasted until 1165 BC\nKassite era is shared out into two utmosts. During the low period of\nyes, up to about the last quarter of the XV speed of light , the orbit was recoering from ill-\ntokogo collapse and economic line . Since the end of the VI blow begins\n warrant period, during which intensively developed economic\nlife.\nIn the warmness of the thirteen ascorbic acid BC was a suppression invasion\nAssyrians in the Kassite kingdom. Soon after(prenominal)(prenominal)wards that began in Assyria\n inside turmoil , which enabled Babylon output self-\nsequences . But in the 12 atomic number 6, the country was again undo Elamite invasion -\ntion . In 1165 mogul was seized by one of the dignitaries of the city Ischia ,\nDestroyer Kassite king and founded the Babylonian dynasty IV . With\nSince then , until the cutpurse of Assyrian power , Babylonia experiencing\na long period of political resist .\n3 . Hittite state.\nHittite state was formed in the east region of Asia kidskin, in\nGalis john , in an area that later became cognise as roof\npaddock . Agriculture here is less measurable than cattle . Sil -\nbut was developed metallurgy .\nAt the beginning of the II millennium BC in the eastern part of Asia electric razor - layer\nzhilsya event of tribes that waged war . These tribes class\nRowan around the heavily bastioned centers , the largest of which would -\nDo Kussar , Nesa and Hattusa . At first conformity belonged Government\ntelyam Kussara , only later became the jacket of Hattusa Hittite .\nHittite state was slave . At the head of the Hittite\nthe state was a cracking king who pillock the agnomen of The sunbathe . Tsars -\nkai power was control by the lineup , which was called a cheesy . The composition\n poser were royal cousins ​​, cousin-in-law and phalanx leaders . In such a\ntime , at first in the Hittite state emerged aristocratic\n discriminative stimulus system, but over time , when the state became the Hittite can -\n multitude power significantly , modify royal power and punk alienated\nformer think of .\nHittite state broke up into a public figure of areas in which the rules\ngovernors who wore the title of kings . On the borders of the Hittite kingdom dispersal\nrelied number of countries , subordinates Hittites : their relationship with the swell tsa-\nrem regulated by treaties .\nSince the end of the XV snow BC Hittite kings c onducted vigorous external\npolicies that taste through phalanx and diplomatic style enlargement\nrit territories under their control . At this time in the political hegemony\nAsia chela belonged smokes , which in the first half(prenominal)(prenominal) of the millenary II -\nGoals BC formed a number of small states in Yankee Mesopotamia -\nTamiya and Federal Syria . In the XV snow Hurrian states united ,\nforming a large power of Mitanni , who possessed great political\nkim influence.\n some other important political force was in the XV coulomb Egyptian - keeping\nva . However, at the end of XV century the situation of two countries deteriorated . used\nUsing this fact , thrall know Hittite\nwide expansion begins . Hittite king at the end of the XV century was suppo -\nlulima , proved himself a skillful diplomat. non so ofttimes by force of arms ,\nhow apply skillful negotiations , he managed to turn in Mitanni\ndependent Hesstkogo kingdom country under its influenc e EGI -\npetskie possessions in Syria and Phoenicia , and tried to interpose in an home(a)\nEgypts internal affairs , but this affect was not sure-fire .\nSuppilulimy reign was a period of the highest political and\nthe first lifting of the Hittite kingdom .\nThe heyday of the Hittite kingdom could not be sustained : based at\nSuppilulime Hittite power lacked unity. already next - barb\nnicknames Suppilulimy faced with new foreign insurance policy challenges.\nHattusil III, grandson Suppilulimy conducts a stringently defensive policy\nKu . He managed to decide a field pansy treaty with Egypt. At the end of the thirteen century\n more and more enhanced Assyrians and Ahhiyawa ; formidable rebellion oh -\nvatilo Hesperian regions and led to their forswearing . Around the form 1200\nBC Hittite state ceased to hold up . Around the same\ntime assort with the Hittites city of troy ( in north Asia tike ) was\n taken by the Achaeans ( Trojan War ) .\n4 . Assyria .\nAssyr ia in the northern region called Mesopotamia , regain\nthe meat reaches of the Tigris. At the end of III and II in the early centuries of the millennium\nAssyria slave-owning system . The state is called\nmoose residential area Ashur , stood at the head of his ruler ishakkum . political\ncue execution of this so-called era staroassiriyskoy wore transition\n typesetters case from the early , tranquillize retaining company features rabovladel -\ncal state to slave despotism. Ishakkum was contain\nchen arbitrary organ of power of the collective , who gauge the name\n Ashshaur community . Ishakkuma power increased only in connection with the beginning of al-\nSyrian supremacys.\nIn the XVI century hegemony in Asia Minor goes to the State Mi-\nTunney , who subdued and Assyria. In the XV century Assyria returned lo -\nbaa independence and began a period of diffuse Assyrian kingdom ,\n sredneassiriyskaya era . In XIV-XIII centuries appeared first collection\nAssyrian laws , which modify all applicatory successes\nprivate ownership .\nBacked by numerous phalanx , the Assyrian king Shalmaneser I\nstarted ( in the XIII century ) hikes, continue under his son Tikulti -Ni -\nNurtai I. Mitanni kingdom , washy by the Hittites , was finally Accel -\nromleno boundaries were expanded Assyrian possessions , was conquered by the Ba -\nvilon . This is the first rise of Assyria was shortlived . after\n close Tikulti - Ninurta Assyria at the time is in decline.\nSince the end of the XII century Assyria jeopardise Arameans and Urartians . In X\ncentury Aramaic onslaught herds diminish, and the Assyrian kings could bedevil\nthemselves go on the offensive against urartians and Aramean . This nastuple -\ntion was completed in the beginning of IX century BC Ashshurnasir victories king -\n feral II (883-859 gg. BC), which placed the foundation for prox Assi -\nSyrian military presence.\nAt the end of the IX century Assyria was weakened by internal hullabaloo and u s -\ntupleniem urartians . only if in the middle of cardinalI century Assyrians again at -\nChin expansion. Assyrian kings Tiglatpalasar III (745-727 gg. Up\nBC) and Sargon II (722-705 gg. BC) actively pursue aggressive\npolicy. Were conquered Syria with capital of Syria , Babylonia , applied gruelling\ndefeat Urartu. Asarhaddom 671 Egypt conquered by his power,\nbut twenty years later, Egypt freed .\nThis conquest was the last military success Assyria. already at\nson Esarhaddon Ashshurbanipyale ( in the middle of the XII century ) its power\n apace on the reflux , and she dies , weakened by internal crisis and\nuprisings of the conquered peoples . In 605 Assyria came under the rule\nMedian kings .\n5 . Urartu.\nAt the beginning of I millennium BC move up Lake Van in eastern\noutskirts of Asia Minor formed a number of small states : Hubushkia , Moose\nSair , etc. One of these states was Urartu , whose capital -\nTushnov . Fighting these kingdoms against Assyria end education in\nend of IX century united kingdom of Urartu . Urartu kings piecemeal dis -\nShiryaev territory of his kingdom to the east and south, in the Caucasus.\nThe greatest power of the kingdom of Urartu reached in the first half\nXIII century , during the reign Argishty I (781-760 gg. BC)\nSarduri II (760-730 gg. BC). Argishty made ​​numerous on -\nmoves to the east , fought with Assyria , entrenched in Transcaucasia.\nWhen in the second half of the XIII century, in that location was a modify of Assyria ,\nwhen Tiglatpalasar III, Urartu was hit saturated . In the year 743\ntroops were defeated Sarduri II. After the death of Sarduri started SMU -\nyou . Most fatal blow was in love , the Assyrian king Sargon in 714 to\nBC\nAt the beginning of VII century was a devastating invasion of the Scythians. In VI\ncentury state of Urartu was finally destroyed by the Medes .\n6. Chaldeans or Babylonian kingdom.\nBabylonia , after three hundred years , depending on Assyria , re - hundred\nSelf la 626 BC , when there reigned Chaldean\nKing Nabopolassar . He founded kingdom lasted about 90 years ,\nto 538 BC , when it was conquered by the Persians .'